How Economic Decisions Are Made - 716 Words

How Economic Decisions Are Made Penelope Carter ECO 212 April 2, 2012 David Smith How Economic Decisions Are Made If 10 people with 10 different occupations are asked to define economics, one would receive 10 different answers because the concept of economics confuses people. â€Å"Economics is the study of the choices consumers, business managers, and government officials make to attain their goals, given their scarce resources,† (Hubbard O’Brien, 2010, p. 4). Oftentimes, people do not realize how many economic decisions they regularly make. People make daily economic decisions by comparing marginal benefits and marginal costs in conjunction with their current economic market system. Marginal Benefit and Marginal Cost I can†¦show more content†¦Determining how to produce goods and services can be a situation such as whether General Motors keeps a production plant in the United States in an effort to keep Americans employed or to move production to Mexico to take advantage of reduced labor costs. â€Å"In the United States, who receives the goods and services produced depends largely on how income is distributed. Individuals with the highest income have the ability to buy the most goods and services,† (Hubbard O’Brien, 2010, p. 8). Economic Systems When studying economics, one quickly learns there is a market for everything and the market drives the economy. â€Å"A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a good or service and the institution or arrangement by which they come together to trade,† (Hubbard O’Brien, 2010, p. 4). In an effort to answer the production questions of what, how, and who, as they relate to goods and services, societies arrange their economies in two primary ways. The first way is the centrally planned economy where the government chooses the distribution method for economic resources; the second way is the market economy where households and firms interacting in markets decide the distribution of economic resources, (Hubbard O’Brien, 2010). The former Soviet Union was the most recognized centrally planned economy; however, Cuba and North Korea’s economies also operate in this manner. The UnitedShow MoreRelatedThe Economic Problem Of The Market Economy1237 Words   |  5 PagesThe economic problem faced in the market economy is that there are an unlimited amount of wants with a scarce amount of resources. They only current solution is to make decisions as the desire of satisfying all wants is not possible. Economics is the about the allocation of limited resources in the best possible way in order to satisfy needs (items essential for survival – food and shelter) and wants (not necessities, but provide satisfaction and assist achievement of higher standard of living).Read MoreBehavioral Economics Essay598 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Behavioral economics studies cognitive, emotional and social factors effects on economic decisions made by an individuals and consequences returns, resource allocation and market prices. It assumes that human beings are rational in the decisions they make. Behavioral economics do not involve assumption. The difference comes in from the notion that the human behavior observation contradicts behavior of people to be perfectly rational. Therefore, the two starts from different points.Read MoreEconomic Decisions Paper685 Words   |  3 PagesHow People Make Economic Decisions Paper Eco/212 September 28, 2010 Making Economic Decisions Economic decisions made by individuals can affect the economy. The principles of individual decision-making include people being rational, economic incentives, and optimal decisions made at the margin. Trading the three economic systems are market economy, centrally planned economy, and mixed economy. Each contains their own attributes on how they contribute to an economy. The current economicRead MoreThe Theory Of Game Theory1616 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent choices of economics agents which bring forth many different outcomes with the point to the preferences of those agents, where the outcomes in question might have been intended by none of the agents (Ross, 2016). The properties that game theory considers in economic situations include two or more economic actors - that is, two or more firms, individuals, political parties, etc. Each individual economic actor has a set of decisions they can make - what price to charge, how much to save, whetherRead MoreEconomic Theory122 5 Words   |  5 PagesEconomic Theory Economic Theory Jose E Mendoza Allied American University Author Note This paper was prepared for ECN 150, Introduction to Microeconomics, Module 2 Homework Assignment taught by Nikki Follis. Part I After reading the two articles in Modules 1 and 2 related to Economic Theory (first,â€Å"How Did Economists Get It So Wrong† and second, â€Å"History of Economics Playground†), reconstruct what happenedRead MoreExplain The Nature Of Economics1216 Words   |  5 PagesEconomics Essay Explain the nature of economics The nature of economics is essentially the study of the economy and how to solve the problems it poses. Economics includes the concepts of the economic problem, scarcity, the need for choice, opportunity costs, future implications of current choice by individuals, businesses and governments and economic factors underlying decision making by individuals, businesses and the government. The nature and study of economics is ultimately about trying toRead MoreMaps Of Bounded Rationality : Psychology For Behavioural Economics960 Words   |  4 PagesPsychology for behavioural economics - Daniel Kahneman 2003 Introduction Kahneman’s article is an analysis of intuitive thinking and how it guides our decision-making. Although primarily aimed at the field of psychology, it is an interdisciplinary article with applications in economic theorising. Kahneman attempts to differentiate between two systems of thought, one of intuition (system 1) and one of reasoning (system 2), and argues that many judgements and choices are made intuitively, rather thanRead MoreThe Theories Of Economic Economics1417 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough the mainstream economics is the one taught in school, its assumptions are there to achieve a certain outcome. The heterodox economist’s assumptions are based on the fact to eliminate extraneous factors. I believe that heterodox economics will start to be considered more in the world of academics and may take the place of the current mainstream economics. The theories of consumption have different viewpoints. Neoclassical consumer theory is the explanation of how consumers allocate incomesRead MoreHow People Make Economic Decisions774 Words   |  4 PagesHow People Make Economic Decisions Brittany Hansen June 2011 Mr. Krupka How People Make Economic Decisions From the time a person starts working to pay bills or buy products they are forced into making decisions that will affect their bank account. There are four different principles that play into the decision-making process. While these decisions will affect marginal benefits and costs, there are incentives for the choice as well. The principles of economics relate to the working of theRead MoreHow People Make Economic Decisions677 Words   |  3 PagesHow People Make Economic Decisions Paper ECO/212 How People Make Economic Decisions The economic decision an individual, household, or even a firm makes has a major impact on the economy as a whole. These decisions affect the supply of a good or service, the demand of that good or service and ultimately the price of that good or service. This paper will focus on how individual decision making affects an economy, how understanding the marginal benefits from the marginal cost affects economic

Anne s Uncanny Similarities Of Henry Viii - 1344 Words

Anne’s uncanny similarities to Henry VIII in royal presentation set her up as a rival in power. His contribution to her public persona through her elaborate coronation compounded with her own image as a French demoiselle d’honneur to clash against his own representation. The coronation records go into far further detail about her coronation than Henry’s and she seemed to hold a strong amount of foreign support despite her Englishness. The personal growth and personal connections she forged in Brussels and France easily could create envy from the ease she gained favors from the French when Henry faced losses of lands from the same people. Similarly, Anne’s family experienced legitimization issues in their deal with Ormonde. Though these events occurred well before her coronation, her unreconciled behavior and reputation between mistress and wife in her reign In conjunction with radical laws and policies, Anne’s tenure as Queen also shows new religiou s involvement. Former queens, like Catherine, focused on self-improvement, alms, women’s issues, Catholic rites, and prayer. Anne adopted these aspects and more. Her preferred religious activities focused on education. Her circulation of translated religious texts and the New Testament; dictation of high standards of behavior similar to Vives’ instructions; and worked to aid imprisoned and exiled reformers through intercession, repeatedly show up in sources on her time at Court. She pushed forward, involving herself in theShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers

Historical Paintings of the Madonna Essay Example For Students

Historical Paintings of the Madonna Essay The mother of Jesus Christ, Madonna, the most popular woman in the majority of classical art, is typically depicted as a beautiful woman. Her son is Jesus, suggesting that she should be shown as a woman of equal significance. Prior to Parmigianino’s â€Å"Madonna of the Long Neck,† artistic works with Mary as one of the central figures is meant to honor her. Child. E. H. Gombrich points out that Parmigianino’s distorted representation of the woman could be seen as offensive due to the fact that is deviates so deeply away from the traditional, sophisticated, and sacred ideas of the Madonna. I understand why people may consider this piece offensive, but that is hardly ever the intention of art. I do not believe that this painting should be viewed at offensive because of Parmigianino’s distinct techniques and intentions. Mannerism is an incredibly prominent style seen in countless Italian Renaissance pieces as well as some early Baroque art. The definition should not be confused with gestures in common speech. Artistic mannerism has an entirely different purpose and connotation. A painting with clear distortions, such as elongations and obvious imbalances, is likely a Mannerist painting. Parmigianino’s Madonna is one of the most apparent examples of Mannerism, even carrying through to the title of the piece. Mary and Jesus are the central most figures, therefore they display the greatest amount of Mannerism. The most prominent distortion is Mary’s unusually long neck, and the rest of her body is also incredibly disproportionate. Her head is extremely small for her figure, as her hips are quite wide-set, and her hands are skeleton-like, also appearing to be much too large in comparison to her arms. The woman is essentially the shape of a pear. Mary is not the only distorted figure in this piece, though. It is not unusual for the baby Jesus to be depicted as much larger than the average infant in classical art, but the way that Jesus is shown by Parmigianino is, by far, one of the most peculiar. Michelangelo’s â€Å"Pieta† displays a similar shape to Jesus as shown in â€Å"Madonna of the Long Neck,† with his left arm appearing to be almost dislocated in a way, draping over Mary, as well as looking a bit like a corpse set upon his mother. The â€Å"Pieta† also depicts a Jesus that has already died, but the Jesus depicted by Parmigianino, strangely enough, appears to be in a position similar to that of the cross. This piece is clearly not traditional in the sense of technique, but I do not believe that â€Å"traditional† was Parmigianino’s intention. It can be said that the elongation of the figures is a dramatic interpretation of their elegance and importance, or maybe the elongation is a representation of reaching for the heavens. With the shifting and progression of artistic eras, tradition slowly becomes a thing of the past with every movement. One thing I can determine is that Parmigianino intended for this painting to be like that of any other Madonna – honorable. Modern and Post-Modern artists introduced the concept of risky and potentially offensive art, not those in the Italian Renaissance. With the influence of Mannerism and Naturalism, the prevalence of idealism in Renaissance and Baroque art is so clear that it does not make sense to take offence to any pieces from this time.

Urbanization free essay sample

A paper which discusses the problems resulting from rapid urbanization in developing countries. The paper discusses how rapid urbanization in third world countries is creating many social and economic problems. This is because most developing countries are unprepared to accommodate a rapidly increasing population because of lack of resources and sufficient job opportunities. The paper shows that it is for economic reasons mostly that people in rural areas are forced to migrate to urban centers where they feel they would be able to improve their standard of living. The paper looks at meaningful and effective policies to help stop or divert this influx to a certain extent. For example in India and Pakistan, tens of hundreds of young men and women are moving to the United States and more developed countries because the pay scale is usually higher than it is in their own lands. But while it leads to brain drain in the native countries, it also creates several problems for the adopted countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Urbanization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example the one big problem that western countries have faced because of increased immigration is that not only its won citizens have lost jobs rapidly, there has been an increase in ethnic violence too. In the past many years we have noticed that people from Pakistan, Bangladesh, India and some other poor countries have moved to the western countries and since they were willing to work for less, they were offered the jobs that American citizens rightfully deserved. Now this creates a sense of animosity between the locals and the foreigners and also has a negative impact on the economy of the adopted countries.

The primary purpose of the art essays

The primary purpose of the art essays The statement is truly an over simplification. That first thing that cannot be agreed to is that casting together of music, painting, drama and literature together. There that that convenient heading of calling them art they have little in common with each other. One of the purposes of music, painting and drama and literature may be entertainment but it is hardly justified to say that it is the main purpose In the world of music there are several sub worlds. There is music catering to the grossest of the tastes to the sublime and spiritual. Some musicians spend half their lifetimes learning to compose or play music properly. Is often in the later stages of their lives that they begin to play. To listen to some of them like Pundit Ravi Shankar or Yehudi Menuhin is nothing less than of music, which is composed, based on the popularity. They are composed based on the fads and following and quite often market surveys are conducted before recording. Such music may be called just entertainment, but certainly not all music. To call painting an entertainment borders on the ridiculous. Some painters have spent lifetimes in there lifetimes in there art and most often they paint without knowing whether their work will be welcomed by the public or just laughed at. Certainly artists do not mean to entertain, as most art shows are free. Perhaps we can point a finger at the artist to say that he is trying to make a living by painting to entertain as a main reason. Drama is certainly entertainment. But the question is , is it the mainly entertainment? To put a good play takes on enormous amount of energy and hard work. drama often makes a statement sometimes political sometimes societal. The playwrights, directors and actors want to say what they think world is as they see it. It is the joint expression of the souls of several people who have come together to express themselves. Of course it is entertainment to those who go to see the play. B ...

Mail Delivery Could be Even Slower Than USPS Admits

Mail Delivery Could be Even Slower Than USPS Admits Due to its unreliable tracking system, the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) may be delivering your mail even more slowly than it has claimed, according to the Government Accountability Office (GAO). Background After increasing its own long-time 2-day delivery standard for First-Class mail to 3-days in January, 2015, the cash-starved USPS proceeded to close or consolidate 82 mail processing plants nationwide over the objections of all 50 U.S. Senators. [ See: Why for Mail Delivery ‘Slow’ is the New ‘Normal’ ] The effects of those actions revealed themselves in August 2015, when a federal inspector general notified the USPS that the number of First-Class letters being delivered at least a day late had increased by 48% in the first 6 months of 2015 alone. Mail May be Even Slower, GAO Finds But lowered standards or not, the GAO’s investigators reported that the Postal Service’s system for tracking and reporting delivery time is too incomplete and unreliable to determine how late the mail really is being delivered. According to GAO auditors, the reports created by the USPS’s mail delivery tracking system â€Å"do not include sufficient analysis to hold USPS accountable for meeting its statutory mission to provide service in all areas of the nation.† In fact, the GAO found that the USPS’ system tracks the delivery times of only 55% of First-Class mail, Standard-Class mail, periodicals, and packages. Delivery times of mail without tracking barcodes are not reported. â€Å"Incomplete measurement poses the risk that measures of on-time performance are not representative, since performance may differ for mail included in the measurement, from mail that is not,† stated the GAO. â€Å"Complete performance information enables effective management, oversight, and accountability.† In other words, the USPS doesn’t know exactly how slow its mail delivery service has become. Spreading the Blame The GAO also placed some blame on the Postal Regulatory Commission (PRC), the presidentially appointed body responsible for overseeing Postal Service operations. Specifically the GAO criticized the PRC for failing to determine why the USPS’s delivery time tracking data are not complete and dependable. â€Å"While PRCs annual reports have provided data on the amount of mail included in measurement, they have not fully assessed why this measurement was incomplete or whether USPS actions will make it so,† GAO investigators wrote. While the PRC has the power to direct the USPS to improve its delivery time tracking system, it has so far failed to do so, noted the GAO. Meanwhile, in Rural America The GAO also pointed out that the USPS is not required to – and so does not – track or report delivery time data for mail sent to rural addresses. While several members of Congress have pressured the USPS to study and report on its rural delivery performance, postal officials have stated that doing so would be too costly. However, as the GAO pointed out, the USPS has never provided Congress with cost estimates to prove it. â€Å"Such cost information would be useful for Congress to assess whether developing this information would be appropriate,† wrote the GAO. In 2011, the PRC criticized the USPS for failing to adequately consider the impact of its still on-hold plan to end Saturday mail delivery on rural America. â€Å"As my colleagues and I have heard †¦ [mail] service across the country, particularly in rural communities, is suffering,† said U.S. Senator Tom Carper (D-Delaware) chairman of the Senate committee that oversees the USPS in a statement on the GAO report. â€Å"To fix these service problems, we need to figure out their root causes,† Carper continued. â€Å"Unfortunately, the [GAO] found the delivery performance results that the Postal Service and Postal Regulatory Commission provide do not give Congress or postal customers an accurate assessment of service.† What the GAO Recommended The GAO suggested that Congress â€Å"direct† the USPS to provide reliable estimates of its costs to report on mail delivery performance in rural areas. The GAO also called on the USPS and PRC to improve the â€Å"completeness, analysis, and transparency† of its mail delivery performance reports. While the USPS generally agreed with the GAO’s recommendations, it also noted that it â€Å"strongly disagrees with the conclusion that our current service performance measurement is not accurate.† So, like your mail, don’t expect the results to be delivered anytime soon.

Visual Learning and Students' Response Research Paper

Visual Learning and Students' Response - Research Paper Example Visual learning techniques can be achieved by use of computer graphics, cartoons, diagrams, posters, maps, charts, graphic organizers, graphs and many others that these learners can respond well to. Research has shown that students respond to learning in different ways and therefore, it is important for instructors to determine the kind of learners they have and employ appropriate learning techniques. Visual learners display a variety of characteristics including being good at spellings, quiet study times, like of colors and fashion, good performance in sign language, taking time to think before understanding lectures, understanding charts but forgetting names. Visual learning technique helps students connect to objects in a unique way in that they reflect, internalize and finally synthesize their information. Russel Ackoff suggested that the most important contribution of a first rate 21st century education is not content, but that we acquire the capability to learn and are motivate d to do so throughout our lives (Bartoletti, 128). It is therefore important to determine if and how visual learning improves the performance of a student. Various software packages and tools like Microsoft power point are used to enhance learning, thus making the exercise very interactive. Customization of effects that include color, gives the audience a better understanding of what is under discussion, providing visual learning with an edge over other traditional methods. Through this, it’s very easy for students to recall what they have been taught with the help of images, similar effects are employed in early childhood. Problem Statement Student performance has been declining mostly in developed countries; this is because colleges, high schools and other education systems are still using teaching styles that were used a long time ago in a modern society. The society is evolving rapidly and so it has been of great concern to change the older methods used for teaching in th e education sector and replace them with new effective methods so as to cope up with changes in the contemporary world. Research has shown that use of visual learning style is very effective and can be emphasized at the expense traditional auditory style. This research seeks to find out how visual learning improves students’ performance. Rationale for the Research It has been proven that most students respond best to visual images during learning and are likely to remember objects by visualizing whatever is taught. This research is carried out to establish how the use of these images or visuals, help students improve their performance and find the tools that can be employed to efficiently carry out this technique. In order to work effectively with the visual learning tools and achieve desired results, we have to determine and understand how student react to these images together with their function in enhancing understanding and performance of students. It has been determined that learning standards are going down gradually and sooner or later, education will lack meaning due to poor quality and low performances achieved by learners. Therefore, the use of new approach to learning like visual learning can help reverse this situation and make improvements. This research will determine

Incident command Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Incident command - Essay Example Terrorist and mass destruction events that requires medical and emergency personnel attendance, 5. Planned events that will involved a huge number of crowd or spectators like parades, concerts, elections and more (Radvanvsky, 2006). The primary importance of having an effective command system is the warning system and its organizational components. An effective command system would incorporate the community, several government and private organizations and media to effectively disseminate warning messages to the public and other nearby communities. Having relevant and important information about the incident, the public, government and private organizations, as well as, the experts or support team can now make countermeasures to respond accordingly to the situation of the incident (Amendola, et.al., 1995). It is important to have a very effective incident command system to primarily evaluate the risk of the situation and relay information as fast as possible. The processes and procedures must also be structured in a way that it may counter fit any possible situation of incidents and emergencies depending on the nature of the facility and its surroundings. A standard organizational structure in managing incidents, regardless the cause, location and reason, is essential for public safety and incident control measures. There are a lot of factors that needs to be considered in order to develop and to implement an incident command system. Mobilization capabilities, effectively utilizing external resources, involvement of emergency responders are just a few to mention. Coordination and communication between government and public agencies, as well as, private organizations and the surrounding communities and other NGOs is also essential for incident and risk management. Every organization involved has information that may be useful to control or resolve the incident (Radvanvsky, 2006). Wide-scale incidents may also result to great

Maslow’s theory Essay Example for Free

Maslow’s theory Essay There is an interrelationship between Maslow’s theory and Herzberg’s theory. These two theories have a similarity in that both of them suggest employee satisfaction as a motivation factor. Form the above discussion, it is possible to tell that Herzberg cites esteem needs and self-actualization needs from Maslow’s theory as the motivators. Others needs do not cause motivation and failure to address them in the organization setting only leads to dissatisfaction. Criticisms Maslow’s theory Several criticisms exist about Maslow’s motivation theory. To begin with, there is limited scientific evidence if any to support the above theory. Furthermore, personal need priorities may not be in the order given by Maslow. For example, there is a possibility of social needs coming before security needs since one must belong to a society in the first place. Another criticism is that people do not necessarily satisfy each level of need at a time. Needs tend to conflict such that a person may be motivated to achieve different needs at the same time or make priorities depending on the urgency of each need. Maslow’s theory is therefore general and does not consider individual differences. Herzberg’s theory Herzberg’s theory does not also consider individual differences when analyzing factors that cause satisfaction and those that cause dissatisfaction. One dissatisfaction factor may be a motivator for someone else and vise versa. For example, increased responsibility could be a dissatisfier for someone who is resistant to change. Again Hertzber’s model is too simplistic and only addresses factors that people would consider normal motivational factors in any workplace setting. Describe goal setting theory. Explain how this theory can be applied to performance appraisal and compensation This is a motivational theory developed by Edwin Locke. It is actually an improvement of the final causality theory advanced by Aristotle which put forth that purpose can lead to action. According to Locke, an individual’s behavior is to a large extent influenced by their ambitions and goals (Latham and Locke, 2002). For this reason, goals significantly improve performance. Most individuals set goals in anticipation for something; usually a reward to be obtained after achieving the set goal. Goals can be said to affect performance in three different ways (Latham and Locke, 2002). Firstly, they narrow an individual’s attention so that all efforts are directed towards activities that are relevant to achieving the set goals. Similarly, irrelevant or undesirable activities are avoided. Secondly, goals increase effort as individuals strive to achieve the set goal so as to gain the expected reward. Thirdly, goals help individuals to develop persistence. In other words, they become more willing to work even in the midst of challenges and setbacks. Goal setting is guided by factors known as moderators (Latham and Locke, 2002). These include goal –commitment, attainability and self-efficacy. In order to attain a certain goal, an individual must be ready to face every challenge that he or she finds on the way. Commitment depicts the need to achieve no matter what the circumstances. Set goals must also be attainable so that individuals must not set goals that cannot be reached. Finally, self-efficacy must be present for goals to be achieved. This refers to the ability to act in a certain way so as to be able to achieve set objectives.

Evaluation Of The Lord Of The Flies Essay -- essays research papers

Evaluation of The Lord of the Flies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lord of the Flies is a 202 page long adventure story written by William Golding in 1954 about a number of boys marooned on a tropical island and left to fend for themselves. While on the island, they discover quite a bit of evil within themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A few years after World War 2, a planeful of boys as young as 5 or 6 but most no older than 11 or 12 crashes near an uninhabited tropical island. As soon as they land, one of the eldest assumes leadership of the others, but not before befriending an overweight, asthmatic boy nicknamed Piggy. Ralph takes control of the boys and organizes a small expedition up the mountain. He meets Jack Merridew, the chief antagonist. Jack is then a leader of choir boys, but will soon turn into a leader of savages. On the mountain, Jack hunts but does not kill a pig. He vows to kill it the next time. On their return, Ralph holds an informational meeting and informs the boys that they will be safe, but that they must start a signal fire and set up temporary shelters until help can be found. A rumour of a beast is heard, but is quickly discounted as a nightmare. It will later be a major theme in the book. On the mountain, fire is created, but only through the use of Piggy's glasses. After Jack goes off to hunt and comes back, Ralph discusses the problems of people not working with Jack. Simon goes into the jungle alone and contemplates. The boys become used to the daily tasks on the island. The small children play all the time while the older ones do most of the work. The first flash of Jack's future warrior/hunter position as leader is shown as he comes back to camp with his face painted. A ship is spotted, but they find that the signal fire on the mountain has gone out, and the ship passes them by. Jack finally kills a pig, but Piggy criticizes him. In return, Jack slaps Piggy and breaks one of the lenses on his glasses. Ralph warns Jack to stop this destructive behaviour. Jack starts roasting the pig he had killed earlier. Jack does not initially give Ralph any food, but he does finally get some. Ralph calls an assembly after the feast. He verbally attacks all the boys for their neglect for the daily tasks that must be completed such as building shelters and keeping the fire lit. The fear of the beast grows even larger. Piggy begins t... ... government and rules must be carefully imposed to preserve order, like Hobbes, I would also be interested in knowing what his other philosophical positions were as he wrote this novel. Finally, I would be interested in knowing what particular event he witnessed or was part of in real life drove him to write this book. Could it have been an experience he had in World War II? What could have been so bad as to inspire a book of this passionate intensity?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although I disagree with Golding's view of the world as basically evil, his book is certainly a good argument for that position. It shockingly reveals that none have innocence and even the best among us can be brought down to a near-beast state, as even Ralph was by the end of the book, consigned to mindless running from the evil. I find it interesting how Golding made the Beast, the Lord of the Flies, the apparent evil in this book and the focus of the hunter's search, but in fact the Beast is the hunters themselves and the evil they represent. I think that although the brutality in the book may be a bit much for some, I do not think that Golding would have been able to get his point across without it.

Between the Wars

The event that had significant impacts during the interlude between the First and Second World Wars would be the Great Depression. The effect of this financial crisis, not only in the United States but also in other parts of the world, was apparent both in the domestic front and in the international community. The Great Depression started during the late 1920s and would stretch until the next decade. This historical turning-point was triggered by Black Tuesday, which was the day when the stock markets had a major downturn.(Rothbard, 2000) The impact of this event, both positive and negative, was massive indeed as the country was forced into a state of great recession and then reassessment of economic and social policies. (Mcelvain, 1993) In the ground level, the people experienced difficulties, as employment becomes scarce, thereby leading to poverty and hunger, which was prevalent during that decade. The citizens in the grassroots were the ones that was most affected, for the depres sion was deeply felt by everyone.The length, lasting 10 years, was overwhelming indeed; the extent of the crisis was equally devastating. The agriculture and primary sectors industries experienced economic slumps even bankruptcies, which in turn burdened the people whose wages declined and employment opportunities disappeared. The end of this Great Depression coincided with the start of the Second World War. The implication of the financial crisis was not only social but also political, as policies were forced to be reassessed and eventually changed.The New Deal policy was a result of the crisis. Also, government officials debated the liberal policies in economics, as many abandoned liberal economics, and advocated more protectionist policies. The impact of the Great Depression is far-reaching and vast, as it is political, social and economic. References Mcelvaine, Robert. (1993). The Great Depression: America 1929-1941. United States: Three Rivers Press. Rothbard, Murray. (2000). A merica’s Great Depression. United States: Ludwig Von Mises Institute.

Taxation Assignment

Question 1: a>Tax treatment to an individual if his employer was to provide the following benefits in package 1: Rental of apartment $ Salary Airfare for home leave (1trip) (20% x 5000) 1,000 220,000 Employee’s remuneration 221,000 Rental of apartment (housing accommodation benefit) for a non- director will be assessed based on the lower of: the annual value of the accommodation provided or 10% of the employee’s remuneration inclusive of all other benefits except hotel accommodation.Therefore, housing benefit will be assessed at $22,100 because it is assessed based on the lower of (10% x 221,000= $22,100) or annual value of rental apartment of $60,000. Home leave passage According to Singapore tax law, home leave passage is provided by the employer to nonSingaporeans and non-permanent residents, the benefit is assessable to tax based on 20% of the cost to the employer.This concessionary treatment only can apply to ONE return leave passage per annum each for the employee and spouse, and TWO return passage for each child of employee per annum if child should be unmarried, under 16 years old or otherwise receiving full-time education or incapacitated. Therefore, in this package 1, Mr Rouse will be assessed for home leave passage at: 20% x 5,000= $1,000 Relocation passageAccording to Singapore tax law, relocation passages are by concession not a taxable benefit on the employee so that all the relocation expenses is not taxable benefit for Mr Rouse. b> Package 1: $ Salary Annual rental of apartment Home leave passage (20% x 5000) Statutory income Less: donation Assessable income Less : Relief Chargeable income Tax on 1st $160,000 Balance @ 17% (238,100 – 160,000) x 17% 220,000 22,100 1,000 243,100 NIL 243,100 (5,000) 238,100 15,500 13,277 28,777 Less : 20% tax rebate (capped at $2000) Net tax payable (2,000) 6,777 Package 2: $ Salary Statutory Income Less: donation Assessable income Less: Relief Chargeable income Tax in 1st $160,000 Balance @ 17 % 17% x (295,000-160,000) 300,000 300,000 NIL 300,000 (5,000) 295,000 15,500 22,950 38,450 Less : 20% tax rebate (capped at $2,000) Net tax payable (2,000) 36,450 c> Mr Rouse should choose package 1 because in this package, he can receive many benefits as well as many concessionary treatments that can reduce the net tax payable, in order to get higher return than in package 2. > Singapore is a country where the government uses many policies that include many benefits, treat with consideration to attract talents from many the other countries and tax law is not the exception. Therefore, Mr Rouse should choose or ask more benefits instead of only high salary such as house accommodation benefit, home leave passage, relocation passage, transportation benefit, etc†¦. to earn many concessionaries to minimize his statutory income as well as to reduce tax payable. Question 2: a>The relevant dates in shareholder’s continuity test are different for unabsorbed capital allowances and trade losses and donation.Unabsorbed capital allowances can be carried against future profits provided the shareholdings are substantially the same (50% or more) in the 2 relevant dates: The last day of the YA (31 Dec) it arose And The first day of the YA (1 Jan) it is utilized Trade losses and donations can be carried against future profits provided the shareholdings are substantially the same (50% or more) in the 2 relevant dates: The last day of the year it arose (31 Dec of the calendar year) And The first day of the YA it is utilized (1 Jan of YA) b> YA 2008: – Adjusted tax loss (trade loss) YA 2009: – Adjusted profit $40,000 $422,000The shareholders of Feathers Pte Ltd based on % are as follows: 31/12/2007 Ee Mei Sarah 60% 40% 30/9/2008 40% 60% 31/12/2008 40% 60% 1/1/2009 10% 90% Assumption: on 1 Jan 2009, Donald still holds 5000 shares (total shares are 50,000 shares) Therefore, Queens’s shareholders and their shareholdings are as follows: Number of share 31/12/2007 Donald Ee Mei Ee Mei 25,000 20,000 60% x 5,000 = 3000 Sarah 40% x 5,000 = 2000 Total number of 50,000 shares 30/9/2008 5,000 10,000 40% x 35,000 = 14,000 60% x 35,000 = 21,000 50,000 s at 31/12/2008 5,000 10,000 40% x 35,000 = 14,000 60% x 35,000 = 21,000 50,000 1/1/2009 5,000 40,000 10% x 5,000 = 500 90% x 5,000 = 4,500 50,000 Two relevant dates in shareholder’s continuity test for trade loss are 31 Dec 2007 and 1 Jan 2009. Queens’s shareholders and their shareholdings in % as follows: 31/12/2007 Donald Ee Mei 50% {(20,000 + 3,000)/ 50,000} x 100% = 46% Sarah (2000/ 50,000) x 100% = 4% 100% 1/1/2009 10% {(40,000 + 500)/ 50,000} x 100% = 81% (4,500/ 50,000) x 100% = 9% 100%Previous year’s trade loss (adjusted tax loss) in YA 2008 can be carried against YA 2009 current year’s profit because the shareholdings are substantially the same (50% or more) in the two relevant dates of 31/12/2007 and 1/1/2009. YA 2009: $ Adjusted profit Less: trade loss brought forward 422,000 (40,000) Assessable income/ chargeable income 382,000 > Conditions to qualify for the tax exemption for new start-up company: A â€Å"qualifying company† means a company incorporated in Singapore which for each of the first three years of assessment is resident in Singapore for that YA, and has its total share capital beneficially held directly by no more than 20 shareholders: ? ? All of whom are individuals throughout the basis period for that YA or At least one of whom is an individual shareholder holding at least 10% of the total number of issued ordinary shares of the company throughout the basis period for that YA.In the case of a company limited by guarantee: ? ? all of its members must be individuals throughout the basis period for that YA or at least one of its member is an individual throughout the basis period for that YA, and the contribution of that individual under the Memorandum of Association of the company to the assets of the company in the event of its being wound up, amounts to at least 10% of total contributions of the members of the company throughout the basis period for that YA.Question 3: a>The Singapore tax system is considered as a territorial system because income accruing in or derived from Singapore (Singapore sourced) or overseas income received or deemed received in Singapore is assessable to tax. In other words, income that is sourced outside Singapore is not chargeable to Singapore income tax if this overseas income is not received or deemed received in Singapore.One exception to this rule is dividend gain in Singapore. Under the new one-tier corporate tax system since 1 January 2003, tax will only be imposed at the corporate level and all dividends distributed by a Singapore tax resident company will be tax exempt for its shareholders. b> Assumption: basic period is 1/1/200x to 31/12/200x Ms Dinh Tam’s 2-year contract will be from 1/4/2006 to 31/3/2008.Year assessment of Physical presence in Residence Singapore/ period of employment YA 2007 1/4/2006- 31/12/2006 Resident Exercise of employment in Singapore is more than 183 days in the basic period YA 2008 1/1/2007- 31/12/2007 Resident Exercise of employment in Singapore is more than 183 days in the basic period YA 2009 1/1/2008- 31/3/2008 Non-resident Both periods of employment and physical presence are less than 183 days. Remarks c> Mr Tan KL, a Singapore resident, purchased a house in China. He rents it out and the rent is credited into his bank account in Hong Kong by the property agent.It means he receives a rental income in China and this income may be subject to tax in China remitted to Singapore is exempt from Singapore tax. In addition, according to Singapore tax law, all foreign sourced income remitted by INDIVIDUAL RESIDENT in Singapore on or after 1 January 2004 will be exempt from tax. d> Determine whether the following receipts would be considered as income for tax purposes: i>This income will be exempt from tax if Ah Kow is Singapore resident because this income may be taxed in Macau remitted to Singapore is exempt from Singapore tax.In addition, according to Singapore tax law, all foreign sourced income remitted by INDIVIDUAL RESIDENT in Singapore on or after 1 January 2004 will be exempt from tax. ii>   Profits made by a share broker from sale of shares is taxable income because shares are considered as his inventory to make profit therefore it is called revenue receipt for this share broker and that is subject to Singapore tax. iii> Samantha Lee, a teacher made a profit from the sale of her piano is exempt from tax if this piano is her fixed asset and Samantha Lee doesn’t repeat piano buy and sale transaction many times.It means this profit is capital receipt, not revenue receipt and so that it is not taxable. iv> Money received from an unlawful business in Singapore is taxable income because it is revenue receipt and income derived in Singapore so that it is subject t o tax in Singapore. v> Money received from sale of computer by a private school is exempt from tax because computer is considered as fixed asset of this private school. It means this income is capital receipt that is not taxable income.

Mgt 501 Mod 5 Case Essays

Mgt 501 Mod 5 Case Essays Mgt 501 Mod 5 Case Essay Mgt 501 Mod 5 Case Essay Module 5 Case Organizations as Political Systems MGT 501 Leaders in an Organization must have the pulse of the organization and fully understand the Politics and culture within their organization to be able to effectively lead and know which style of leadership to apply in a various array of situations. In the Clement article he discusses 3 main topics. First is the importance of dealing with organizational culture. His key point is that management must work within the existing culture to transform the organization. The important objective is to improve the company, not necessarily change the culture. His second topic is the role of leadership in organizational change. He discusses the role of leadership in dealing with culture and the leadership styles that may be required. Lastly he discusses the consideration of organizational power, and the related topic of politics, in organizational change. In the three companies that he conducts analysis on two of them received outside pressure of board members to make a change and bring in new top management teams. Their new interactions and relationships both inside and outside the organization appear to be what was needed to turn those companies around. Leadership is a tough business and politics both internal and external to an organization add an extra challenge. (Ratzburg, 2002) â€Å"Politics  is a means of recognizing and, ultimately,  reconciling competing interests  within the organization. Competing interests can be reconciled by any number of means. For example, resorting to rule by the manager might be seen as an example of totalitarian rule. On the other hand, politics may be a means of creating a non-coercive, or a democratic work environment. According to Aristotle,  politics stems from a diversity of interests. To fully understand the politics of the organization, it is necessary to explore the processes by which people engage in politics. Consistent with Aristotles conceptualization, it is a given that, within the organization, all  employees  bring their own  interests, wants, desires, and needs  to the workplace. The successful practice of organizational politics is perceived to lead to a higher level of power, and once a higher level of power is attained, there is more opportunity to engage in political behavior. Common Influence (Political) Tactics are identified a series of common influence tactics and listed them from most effective to least effective: * rational persuasion logical arguments and factual evidence * inspirational appeal arousal of enthusiasm by appealing to values * consultation seeking participation in planning * ingratiation * exchange offering an exchange of favors * personal appeal appeals to feelings of loyalty or friendship * coalition seeking the aid of others legitimating pointing to organizational policies, rules practices, or traditions * pressure demands, threats, persistent reminders† Politics and power can both be used in positive ways. Coercion may occasionally be needed to influence those who refuse to support change. Communication and collaboration can often enable political activities of a positive nature, especially if the organizational culture has been considered and the leader of the cultural change effort was effective in influencing posi tive change. CLEMENT, 1994) â€Å"Those attempting to implement change should study the history of the organization and its relationships with its various stakeholders, including those beyond its boundaries. Only in this way can change advocates understand the observable but misleading facts and uncover the real systems of meaning to which managers and employees subscribe. Any discussion of organizational power needs to consider the closely related topic of organizational politics. Politics is power in action; it involves acquiring, developing, and using power to achieve ones objectives. Because change always threatens the existing balance of power in an organization, politics will always be used to maintain balance. The analysis of politics must be performed at three levels: individual, coalition, and network. Not only must the advocates of change watch out for political and power plays, they must also use power and politics themselves. Its a necessary case of fighting fire with fire. A somewhat higher level of political maneuveringpolitical facilitationcalls for direct interaction with those who may help or hinder the change. It applies to more substantial changes perhaps major reorganizations within manufacturing divisions, individual retail outlets, or government agencies. The level of political maneuvering appropriate for large-scale organizational change is called political intervention. † This module relates to the previous module where we discussed culture, and the occasional need for a change in the culture of the organization. A key factor with any change is strong and honest communication from the top level management and that top managers must talk the talk and walk the walk to be a role model for the change in which they are trying to implement. CLEMENT, 1994) â€Å"In addition to communication and widespread participation, they noted two other key leadership behaviors. First, top management needs to demonstrate visible and consistent support for change. Modeling expected behaviors is important; if the change effort calls for team-building, then top management should be the first group t o try to build teams. The other important leadership behavior is tying the change program to business needs. Management needs to show how the change will improve outcome measures such as profits, productivity, or quality of work life. The most commonly cited reason for the failure of a change effort was the presence of inaccurate and negative rumors, often caused by managements neglecting to provide timely and accurate information. The second biggest reason for failure was that of employees learning of the change from outsidersagain, because management did not communicate. Many employees, especially those affected by the change, expressed extreme resentment about this situation. The final cause of failure was managements reliance on a lean channel of communication, such as a memo instead of a face-to-face meeting. The leadership style of the leaders and managers which are trying to implement change is important to note, not only do leaders need to be able to use the appropriate leadership style for a particular situation but, they also need to know their managers and leaders within their organization and understand which leadership style they respond to best. (Clark, 2010) â€Å"Authoritarian or autocratic This s tyle is used when leaders tell their employees what they want done and how they want it accomplished, without getting. Some people tend to think of this style as a vehicle for yelling, using demeaning language, and leading by threats and abusing their power. This is not the authoritarian style, rather it is an abusive, unprofessional style called â€Å"bossing people around. † It has no place in a leaders repertoire. The authoritarian style should normally only be used on rare occasions. If you have the time and want to gain more commitment and motivation from your employees, then you should use the participative style. * Participative or democratic This is normally used when you have part of the information, and your employees have other parts. Note that a leader is not expected to know everything -    * Delegative or Free reign The leader allows the employees to make the decisions. However, the leader is still responsible for the decisions that are made rather this is a style to be used when you fully trust and confidence in the people below you. Do not be afraid to use it, however, use it  wisely! † In many organizations the company will succeed or fail due to the decisions and culture that the leadership makes with regards to the way they choose to do business. Organizational core values are extremely important but, they are only as important as the leaders â€Å"model† for members of their work force to emulate as a standard of acceptable behavior. Organizational politics is closely related to organizational power. (CLEMENT, 1994)† Politics is power in action; it involves acquiring, developing, and using power to achieve ones objectives. Because change always threatens the existing balance of power in an organization, politics will always be used to maintain balance† Clark, D. (2010, June 13). Leadership Styles. Retrieved July 29, 2011, from A Big Dog, Little Dog and Knowledge Jump : nwlink. com/~donclark/leader/leadstl. html CLEMENT, R. (1994, January-February). Culture, Leadership, and power: the keys to organizational change. Retrieved Aug 3, 2011, from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m1038/is_n1_v37/ai_14922916/ Ratzburg, W. (2002, November 20). Defining Organizational Politics. Retrieved August 4, 2011, from OBnotes. HTM: http://web. archive. org/web/20080216010425/ geocities. com/Athens/Forum/1650/htmlpolitc01. html

Black History - Index of Inventors and Patent Holders

Black History - Index of Inventors and Patent Holders Black history inventors are listed alphabetically: use the A to Z index bar to navigate and select or just browse the many listings. Each listing has the name of the black inventor followed by the patent number(s) which is the unique number assigned to an invention when a patent is issued, the date the patent was issued, and a description of the invention as written by the inventor. If available, links are provided to in-depth articles, biographies, illustrations and photos on each individual inventor or patent. How to submit to the database. R Sammons to Scottron, Shaw to Smith, Smoot to Sweeting T Walter H Sammons #1,362,823, 12/21/1920, Comb Adolphus Samms #3,000,179, 9/19/1961, Rocket engine pump feed system#3,199,455, 8/10/1965, Multiple stage rocket#3,257,089, 6/21/1966, Emergency release for extraction chute#3,310,938, 3/28/1967, Rocket motor fuel feed George T Sampson #312,388, 2/17/1885, Sled propeller#476,416, 6/7/1892, Clothes drier Henry Thomas Sampson #3,140,210, 7/7/1964, Binder system for propellants and explosives#3,212,256, 10/19/1965, Case bonding system for cast composite propellants#3,591,860, 7/6/1971, Gamma-Electrical Cell, (co-inventor George H Miley, this patent is not for cell phone tecnology) Dewey S C Sanderson #3,522,011, 7/28/1970, Urinalysis machine Ralph W Sanderson #3,362,742, 1/9/1968, Hydraulic shock absorber Richard L Saxton #4,392,028, 7/5/1983, Pay telephone with sanitized tissue dispenser Virginia Scharschmidt #1,708,594, 4/9/1929, Safety window cleaning device Henry Scott #4,881,528, 11/21/1989, Spinal traction and support unit used while seated Howard L Scott #3,568,685, 3/9/1971, Treating human, animal and synthetic hair with a waterproofing composition J C Scott #D 212,334, 10/1/1968, Shadow box Linzy Scott #4,275,716, 6/30/1981, Knee brace Robert P Scott #524,223, 8/7/1894, Corn silker Samuel R Scottron #224,732, 2/17/1880, Adjustable window cornice#270,851, 1/16/1883, Cornice#349,525, 9/21/1886, Pole tip#481,720, 8/30/1892, Curtain rod#505,008, 9/12/1893, Supporting bracket R Sammons to Scottron, Shaw to Smith, Smoot to Sweeting T Â   Earl D Shaw #4,529,942, 7/16/1985, Free-electron amplifier device with electromagnetic radiation delay element Glenn Shaw #5,046,776, 9/10/1991, Fascia protector for fuel tank filler Jerry Shelby #5,328,132, 7/12/1994, Engine protection system for recoverable rocket booster Dennis W Shorter #363,089, 5/17/1887, Feed rack Wanda A Sigur #5,084,219, 1/28/1992, Method of fabricating composite structures Esteban Silvera #3,718,157, 5/27/1973, Ram-valve level indicator Joycelyn Simpson look under Joycelyn Harrison Stephen Chambers Skanks #587,165, 7/27/1897, Sleeping car berth register Isadore Small #3,814,948, 6/4/1974, Universal on-delay timer Brinay Smartt #799,498, 9/12/1905, Reversing-valve#935,169, 9/28/1909, Valve gear#1,052,290, 2/4/1913, Wheel Bernard Smith #4,544,535, 10/1/1985, Method or preparing nonlaminating anisotropic boron nitride John Winsor Smith #647,887, 4/17/1900, Game Jonathan S Smith #3,432,314, 3/11/1969, Transparent zirconia composition and process for making same Joseph H Smith #581,785, 5/4/1897, Lawn sprinkler#601,065, 3/22/1898, Lawn sprinkler Mildred E Smith #4,230,321, 10/28/1980, Family relationships card game Morris L Smith #3,389,108, 6/18/1968, Printing fluid comprising an aqueous solution of a water-soluble dye and a thermosetting vinylsulfonium polymer#4,882,221, 11/21/1989, Chemically treated paper products - towel and tissue#4,883,475, 11/28/1989, Chemically treated paper products - towel and tissue Peter D Smith #445,206, 1/27/1891, Potato digger#469,279, 2/23/1892, Grain binder Robert T Smith #1,970,984, 8/21/1934, Spraying machine Samuel C Smith #3,956,925, 5/18/1976, Hardness tester R Sammons to Scottron, Shaw to Smith, Smoot to Sweeting T Â   Lanny S Smoot #4,565,974, 1/21/1986, Optical receiver circuit with active equalizer#4,890,314, 12/26/1989, Teleconferencing facility with high resolution video display#4,928,301, 5/22/1990, Teleconferencing terminal with camera behind display screen William Snow #437,728, 10/7/1890, Liniment Harde Spears #110,599, 12/27/1870, Improvement in portable shields for infantry and artillery Richard Bowie Spikes #972,277, 10/11/1910, Self-locking rack for billiard cues#1,590,557, 6/29/1926, Combination milk bottle opener and cover#1,828,753, 10/27/1932, Method and apparatus for obtaining average samples and temperature of tank liquids#1,889,814, 12/6/1932, Automatic gear shift#1,936,996, 11/28/1933, Transmission and shifting means therefor#3,015,522, 1/2/1962, Automatic safety brake system Osbourne C Stafford #3,522,558, 8/4/1970, Microwave phase shift device Elbert Stallworth #1,687,521, 10/16/1928, Electric heater#1,727,842, 9/10/1929, Electric chamber#1,972,634, 9/4/1934, Alarm clock electric switch Arnold F Stancell #3,657,113, 4/18/1972, Separating fluids with selective membranes George B. D. Stephens #2,762,377, 9/11/1956, Cigarette holder and ash tray John Standard #413,689, 10/29/1889, Oil stove#455,891, 7/14/1891, Refrigerator Albert Clifton Stewart #3,255,044, 6/7/1966, Redox couple radiation cell#3,255,045, 6/7/1966, Electric cell Earl M Stewart #2,031,510, 2/18/1936, Arch and heel support (co-inventor Seymour Shagrin) Enos W Stewart #362,190, 11/27/1887, Punching machine#373,698, 5/3/1887, Machine for forming vehicle seat bars Marvin Charles Stewart #3,395,271, 7/30/1968, Arithmetic unit for digital computers#3,605,063, 9/14/1971, System for interconnecting electrical components Thomas Stewart #375,512, 12/27/1887, Metal bending machine#499,402, 6/13/1893, Mop#499,895, 6/20/1893, Station indicator Henry F Stilwell #1,911,248, 5/30/1933, Means for receiving mail and other matter on aeroplanes while in motion Rufus Stokes #3,378,241, 4/16/1968, Exhaust purifier#3,520,113, 7/14/1970, Air pollution control device Edward H Sutton #149,543, 4/7/1874, Improvement in cotton cultivators James A Sweeting #594,501, 11/30/1897, Device for rolling cigarettes#605,209, 6/7/1898, Combined knife and scoop Continue black history database T

Moral & Cultural Relativism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Moral & Cultural Relativism - Essay Example One person may hold the opinion that strawberry flavor is sweeter than a Vanilla flavor. According to that person, no reasoning can be applied to decide whether his opinion concerning the taste is right or wrong. In this case, the opinions concerning ice cream tastes are relative. In the context of mathematics, when one presents a calculation like 3+3=5, we term the situation as wrong. We do not say that the calculations depend on the taste and perception of the person doing it but we say that the person is wrong. In this case, there are clearly defined standards that differentiate right from wrong. This mathematical example amounts to a context of absolutism. When extended to the contexts of morality, these contexts lead to the aspects of moral relativism and moral absolutism (Rauchut 349). Moral Relativism vs. Moral Absolutism Moral relativism advocates that there are no universal or defined moral standards governing social situations within any given social setting. Moral relativi sts advocate that there are no moral codes of conducts which apply universally at all times. With respect to this assertion, no one can say that someone is wrong or right because such a claim would amount to judging people based on some standards, which is contrary to the ideas of moral relativism. ... In the context of morality, absolutism asserts that moral codes of conduct are relevant at all times, regardless of the situation surrounding the same moral codes. However, moral absolutism allows for flexibility when evaluating morally violated contexts. Absolutists usually allow for the reasoning on the code of conduct with respect to the situation under consideration. For example, according to moral absolutism, the act of killing is wrong. However, the situation surrounding the action might justify the action as appropriate, but not as right. Therefore, moral absolutism acknowledges the existence of universal moral principles everywhere in the world (Rauchut 361). Arguments for Moral Absolutism In the context of morality, I will stand for the aspect of moral absolutism, and stand against moral relativism. In moral absolutism, one can judge a situation as right or wrong, irrespective of the situation under consideration. In the context of social interactions within any given human population, there are situations which are guided by some set of moral principles. For example, stealing is wrong. It is natural to see a parent disciplining a child because the child has stolen from a neighbor. According to absolutism, the act of stealing is based on the unnecessary economic predicament caused by that action to the victim. Therefore, moral principles advocate that it is absolutely wrong to steal, irrespective of the situation. If moral relativism were applied in such a situation, it would argue that the parent should not judge the child as right or wrong by the act of stealing; hence the child would not have been punished. Therefore, moral absolutism helps in developing

Walmart Undergoing Change Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Walmart Undergoing Change - Case Study Example It is expected that this change will greatly improve the performance and the competitive advantage of the company in the business environment. The needs of employees are often met by the leadership of a company or organization. The needs of employees within Wal-Mart’s different functional areas will therefore be met under a unified team of leaders. There are diverse needs among employees such as effective compensation, benefits, good working environment and suitable working hours. These needs would be affected by the new leadership structure. For example the needs of employees within the Logistics function are likely to be different from those within the Real Estate function. In order for these change to be effective, it is therefore necessary for the company leadership to effectively communicate with employees and understand their needs so that an effective plan for meeting them would be implemented (Vakola & Nikolaou, 2009). Since the organizational change at Wal-Mart is aimed at improving the service delivery to the customers, it is evident that the company is likely to recruit new employees to ensure that this objective is achieved effectively. The management of organizational change includes meeting the training needs of new employees (Tsoukas & Chia, 2008). This means that the new leadership team within Wal-Mart will be responsible for developing a training program in which the skills and knowledge of new employees on the job will be effectively attained. In the selection of new employees, the company must adhere to the recruitment policies within its policy notebook. This means that the required level of education, experience, skills or knowledge for the various functional areas of the company must be exhibited by the new employees. The recruitment process must also ensure that the new employees will add more value to the company through promoting its productivity and making it more competitive in its market. Since the systems and

RP2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

RP2 - Essay Example ed all of his living expenses for his time in Delaware, California and Michigan totaling 30 months, claiming all the expenses for food, rent and transportation were temporary living expenses while he was away from homes. Issues or tax questions: Abdul would like to claim a deduction for his temporary living expenses while he was away from home but IRS examined Abduls returns and challenged the deduction for temporary living expenses. Rationale: Temporary living expenses including travel expenses incurred during temporary work assignment or extended business trip that was intended to last for one year or less (J.k 88). Temporary living expense includes meals, local transportation and hotel accommodation or apartment rent for longer stays. Meals may be estimated using federal per diem rates. On tax return temporary living expenses are deducted as unreimbursed employee business expenses. Authority: IRS periodical 54, page 12, travel expenses are in Form 2106-EZ or Form 2106, allowable unreimbursed expenses are in the 2106-EZ Form or Form 2106 to Form 1040, Schedule A and are subject to a maximum based on 2% of calculated Gross

Rhys In Wide Sargasso Sea Analysis

Rhys In Wide Sargasso Sea Analysis Rhys in Wide Sargasso sea illustrates how Antoinettes identity is so completely weaken through the patriarchal oppression that when she looks into the mirror she does not recognize her own reflection. It was then I saw her the ghost ,the woman with streaming hair. she was surrounded by a gift frame but I knew her(pg.154). Antoinette does not realize that what she sees is a reflection of her broken selfhood. Her self hood has under gone an irretrievable split. With her heart and spirit broken she began to exhibit signs of an emotionally weak, confused and unbalanced woman. Rhys gives voice to madwoman who has been othered by imperialistic and patriarchal oppression. Her madness is shown through out the novel to be a reaction to oppression. Antoinette is imprisoned by the patriarchal rules of her marriage, which eventually leads to madness. Antoinettes marriage is the culmination of this enforced literal oppression. Rhys illustrates the injustice of Rochesters assumption that mothers madness must inevitably passed on to the daughter. Rhys shows that Rochesters cruelty towards Antoinette is due to a projection onto her of his hate for his father, and the marriage arrangement which he has been pushed into. His anger is the anger of the oppressed. Like Antoinette, he is a victim of imperialistic and patriarchal oppression. I agree with Teresa F.OConnors arguments about Mr. Rochesters cruel treatment of Antoinette. She argues that her cruelties derive from his own rejection by his father and Antoinette becomes his scape-goat for the hate he feels towards him(162). Although, Mr. Rochesters cruelties derive from his hatred of his father, but his cruelties are still approved of by the patriarchal society. He is allowed to treat his wife disrespectfully because of the patriarchal norms. Thus, Mr. Rochester with his patriarchal oppression, is the reason for their failed marriage. Teresa F. O Connor says that, Mr. Rochester acts as the colonizing English aggressive, controlling, urban, and a warrior that captures wealth, property and people(170). Antoinettes attempt to make her husband love her by seducing him into having sexual inter-course with her is ineffective. Rochester reflects in the text; I woke in the dark after dreaming that i was buried alive, and when I was awake the feeling of suffocation persisted(Rhys 87). The suffocation he feels derives from finding himself in the power of his wife and not the other way around. He then demonstrates his sexual power over her by denying her a physical relationship with him, yet sleeping with the black servant, Amelia, he derives her further away from her identity. Mr. Rochesters infidelity is a way for her to demonstrate his patriarchal power over Antoinette and show her that she can not control him. Rochester tries to assign animality to his wife. He describes Antoinette degradingly by trying to destroy her human identity and make her more animal like. When Antoinette comes out of her room and rages about her husbands infidelity with Amelia, he diminishes Antoinettes human features in order to explain her madness, Her hair hung uncombed and dull into her eyes which were inflamed and staring, her face was very flushed and looked swollen.(Rhys93) Alienation is the major reason for Antoinettes psychological break down. Mr. Rochester alienates her by eliminating her identity and forcing a new one upon her. For in Wide Sargasso sea Rochesters rejection of Antoinette is the final straw in her isolated, painful, emotionally deprived life which cause her to adopt an exact mirroring of mothers expression which allows Rochester to label her Bertha, the stereotype of madness created by patriarchal society. The moment he turns Antoinette into Bertha and then to Marionette is emblematic. Rochester can be seen here as an agressive tyrant, when he deprives Antoinette from her identity. Rhys writes him directly into the role of colonize at the point where he changes Antoinettes name to Bertha. She becomes like a mirror, first wiped, clean of her own selfhood into which he then project his self-hatred, which he finally breaks up as she might a doll, chanting to her, the lulling and demeaning refrain, Marionette, Antoinette, in attempt to get rid of his own guilt. He begins to call her Bertha, signaling the beginning of his separating himself from her (ironically he likes to call her Bertha because it is a name dear to him). Rochester renames Antoinette; he controls her body now, but not her spirit. Antoinette is only a puppet, a doll for him, the doll had a dolls voice, a breathless but curiously indifferent voice(Rhys155). This also indicates that men reduce women to objects in order to control them, but inside the doll, underneath, the disguise, there is still the woman, who has feelings and emotions and who would rather give up her body then her spirit. We can see in part three of Wide Sargasso sea, Antoinette attaches values to names, Names matter, like when he woudnt call me Antoinette, and I saw Antoinette drifting out of the window with her scents, her pretty clothes and her looking glass(Rhys 117). Names matter because they are part of a persons identity and through a persons name he or she can be identified in a community. Mr. Rochester also shows his colonial power when he eliminates his wifes identity, as a colonizer he tries to force a British identity upon her. The patriarchal Mr. Rochesters obsession to dominate and control his wife makes him alienate Antoinette from her own identity. He tries to eliminate Antoinettes identity and turns her into a Victorian Englishwoman. Though Antoinette seems to perceive her fate as inevitable, she gives in and dies emotionally. She never becomes Bertha, at least not the perfect angel that Rochester wants to be. She says Bertha is not my name; you are trying to make me into someone else, calling me by another name. Renaming Antoinette is one way in which Rochester exerts his masculine power over his wife. He tries to create a woman whom he can control, dominate and possess. But Antoinette only seems to submit to it. Her struggle is on the inside, and instead of becoming the English girl, Rochester wishes her to be, she becomes someone else, someone much like her mother was. In the end of the part two when Mr. Rochester and Antoinette are about o leave for England, Mr. Rochester notices that she has lost her vitality and acts completely passive. She was so shocked to see Rochesters behavior towards her that she becomes like Zombie, having no soul. Teresa F.OConnors says that, the mad females in Wide Sargasso Sea turn their madness inwards (197). This is what happens to Antoinette, the destruction and alienation of her identity leads to her madness. Thus Mr. Rochester considers her to be mad. He wants to destroy her even more by eliminating every autonomous part of her, he wants complete control over her body and mind. By destroying her last spark of life, he turns Antoinette into an aphasic object. Being turned into someone else and loosing the only place where she has felt happiness and safety, gives her nothing to identify with. But I love this place and you have made it into a place I hate. I used to think that if everything else went out of my life I would still have this, and now you have spoilt it. Its just some where else where I have been unhappyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (Rhys95) Thus, Mr. Rochester has power, through his patriarchal position in their marriage, the power to destroy both Antoinettes identity of soul and identity of place. Rhys allows Antoinette to rise above her situation by seeking final revenge on Rochester and gaining back her independence, her sanity and her life. Rhys shows from the beginning of Antoinettes marriage, her defensive behavior. When her husband tries to teach her about the life style he finds correct, she argues against him in order to maintain her own ideals and values. She also fights to keep her husband when she finds out about his infidelity, she asks Christophine to help her with Obeah (Voodoo) in order to maker her husband love her. Christophine who is the figure of female independence in all forms (sexually, economically and politically) suggests to Antoinette what to do and how to solve their problems with her husband. Christophine advices Antoinette to be strong and independent like her self. She says, A man dont treat you good, pick up your skirt and walk out. In the end he comes to find how you do without him, he sees you fat and happy, he wants you back. Men are like that (pg69). What is certain is that Christophine considers her self free to contrast Rochesters behavior to accuse him of reducing Antoinette to a doll. She is so self-confident to answer him directly, coldly and going beyond his pretension of patriarchal power, this is a free country and I am a free woman. Christophine says to Rochester, she tells me in the middle of this you start calling her names Marionette some what so. Here Rhys illustrate that sexual and emotional oppression seems to be the key idea in patriarchal tyranny, for Antoinette lets her self to be victimized by the enemy, the man she was trick into marrying. In the end, however, after Rochester has drained her of all emotions, she manages to break free from the sufferings by making her last act of self-determination. With this last step, Rhys turns her mad woman into a symbol of female liberation. Antoinette finally regains her activity in the third part of the novel, and takes responsibility for her own life. In this way, she takes her destiny in her own hands. Teresa F. OConnor disagrees with other critics about the third part of Wide Sargasso Sea, where Antoinette appears to burn down her husbands house in England and commit suicide. She does not believe that Antoinettes act of burning down the house is an act of rebellion and resistance. She believes it to be a passive act since Antoinette is unaware that her act is rebellious (168). I disagree with Teresa that the apparent act of burning down Mr. Rochesters house is a passive act. Antoinette does not really burn down in her dream, she ha a premonition in her dream that she sets his house on fire and commits suicide by jumping from the building. When she wakes up she is convinced of what she has to do. Now at last I know why I was brought here and what I have to do. This statement is made by a woman perfectly awake with a clear mind. Antoinettes act of burning down his house is an active choice which brings her back from her apathy. This is an act of revenge that restores her agency that her husband had tried to eliminate. In the light of Cixouss theory, I support my statement that Antoinettes madness is a rebellion against the patriarchal repression and before her suicide; she destroys the prison that has held her captive by burning the house, an old dignified English Mansion representing the patriarchal tradition. Antoinettes rebellion against her patriarchal husband can be related to the incident when her childhood home, Coulibri, was burnt down. Despite her husbands effort to destroy her identity and take away her sanity, he can never control her completely. She still has her own will left, which is displayed in her final act of revenge and rebellion against her oppressive husband. She sets her self free from patriarchal oppression and takes command over her own situation by deciding her own course of life or, as in this case, death. Therefore, in part three Rhys with the use of color red shows how Antoinette destroys the dominant discourse of the patriarchal society. Red is metaphorically associated with passion and it is also associated with Antoinette and with her red-soiled through out the Wide Sargasso Sea. It is repeatedly repressed by her husband as he prefers her white dress which is the symbol of innocence and purity. He rejects the flame red dress with which she identifies her self as intemperate and unchaste. This tendency to suppress the color red is reversed in the third part of the novel. As Antoinette takes her red dress that has a meaning from the cupboard in the red curtained room in which she has asked Grace Poole to light a fire and is reminded of the color of fire and sunset in her home town. Every thing associated with red is repeated again and again in the novel to show the destruction of patriarchal order. The red is the color of flames which Antoinette dreams she sets fire to Thorn field, thus symbolically destroying the patriarchal order that is upheld by discourse. She decides to leave the oppressive world behind her by choosing death instead of an imprisoned life, although the choice of death in order to be free may seem as a poor alternative. It does show, though, Antoinettes determination not to be governed and have someone else decide her destiny, by committing suicide she takes her destiny in her own hands. There must have been a draught for the flame, flickered and I thought it was out. But I shielded it with my hand and it burned up against to light me along the dark passage. Thus, Rhys represents her protagonist with a ray of light o guide her hopes. For Antoinette at least the darkness of ignorance, despair and death are finally illuminated by the light of self-knowledge and revolt.

Ancient Advances In Mathematics :: essays research papers fc

Ancient Advances in Mathematics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ancient knowledge of the sciences was often wrong and wholly unsatisfactory by modern standards. However not all of the knowledge of the more learned peoples of the past was false. In fact without people like Euclid or Plato we may not have been as advanced in this age as we are. Mathematics is an adventure in ideas. Within the history of mathematics, one finds the ideas and lives of some of the most brilliant people in the history of mankind's' populace upon Earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First man created a number system of base 10. Certainly, it is not just coincidence that man just so happens to have ten fingers or ten toes, for when our primitive ancestors first discovered the need to count they definitely would have used their fingers to help them along just like a child today. When primitive man learned to count up to ten he somehow differentiated himself from other animals. As an object of a higher thinking, man invented ten number- sounds. The needs and possessions of primitive man were not many. When the need to count over ten aroused, he simply combined the number-sounds related with his fingers. So, if he wished to define one more than ten, he simply said one-ten. Thus our word eleven is simply a modern form of the Teutonic ein-lifon. Since those first sounds were created, man has only added five new basic number-sounds to the ten primary ones. They are â€Å"hundred,† â€Å"thousand,† â€Å" million,† â€Å"billion† (a thousand millions in America, a million millions in England), â€Å"trillion† (a million millions in America, a million-million millions in England). Because primitive man invented the same number of number-sounds as he had fingers, our number system is a decimal one, or a scale based on ten, consisting of limitless repetitions of the first ten number sounds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Undoubtedly, if nature had given man thirteen fingers instead of ten, our number system would be much changed. For instance, with a base thirteen number system we would call fifteen, two-thirteen's. While some intelligent and well-schooled scholars might argue whether or not base ten is the most adequate number system, base ten is the irreversible favorite among all the nations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of course, primitive man most certainly did not realize the concept of the number system he had just created. Man simply used the number-sounds loosely as adjectives. So an amount of ten fish was ten fish, whereas ten is an adjective describing the noun fish.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Soon the need to keep tally on one's counting raised. The simple solution was to make a vertical mark. Thus, on many caves we see a number of Ancient Advances In Mathematics :: essays research papers fc Ancient Advances in Mathematics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ancient knowledge of the sciences was often wrong and wholly unsatisfactory by modern standards. However not all of the knowledge of the more learned peoples of the past was false. In fact without people like Euclid or Plato we may not have been as advanced in this age as we are. Mathematics is an adventure in ideas. Within the history of mathematics, one finds the ideas and lives of some of the most brilliant people in the history of mankind's' populace upon Earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First man created a number system of base 10. Certainly, it is not just coincidence that man just so happens to have ten fingers or ten toes, for when our primitive ancestors first discovered the need to count they definitely would have used their fingers to help them along just like a child today. When primitive man learned to count up to ten he somehow differentiated himself from other animals. As an object of a higher thinking, man invented ten number- sounds. The needs and possessions of primitive man were not many. When the need to count over ten aroused, he simply combined the number-sounds related with his fingers. So, if he wished to define one more than ten, he simply said one-ten. Thus our word eleven is simply a modern form of the Teutonic ein-lifon. Since those first sounds were created, man has only added five new basic number-sounds to the ten primary ones. They are â€Å"hundred,† â€Å"thousand,† â€Å" million,† â€Å"billion† (a thousand millions in America, a million millions in England), â€Å"trillion† (a million millions in America, a million-million millions in England). Because primitive man invented the same number of number-sounds as he had fingers, our number system is a decimal one, or a scale based on ten, consisting of limitless repetitions of the first ten number sounds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Undoubtedly, if nature had given man thirteen fingers instead of ten, our number system would be much changed. For instance, with a base thirteen number system we would call fifteen, two-thirteen's. While some intelligent and well-schooled scholars might argue whether or not base ten is the most adequate number system, base ten is the irreversible favorite among all the nations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of course, primitive man most certainly did not realize the concept of the number system he had just created. Man simply used the number-sounds loosely as adjectives. So an amount of ten fish was ten fish, whereas ten is an adjective describing the noun fish.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Soon the need to keep tally on one's counting raised. The simple solution was to make a vertical mark. Thus, on many caves we see a number of

Montessori method of education Essay

Dr. Maria Montessori is the laminitis of the Montessori method of instruction. She started her foremost schoolroom â€Å"Casa dei Bambini† or Children’s House in 1907. Montessori method of instruction stresses the importance of esteeming kids – â€Å"Help me to assist myself† . Montessori instruction celebrates its hundredth twelvemonth in 2007. The ends of a Montessori instruction were to develop centripetal preparation. linguistic communication acquisition. arithmetic. physical instruction. practical life accomplishments and abstract thought through the instruction of the whole kid and the integrating of the household into the early instruction system. Montessori began her educational experiences by working with particular demands kids. At the clip of Montessori. particular needs kids were thought of as a â€Å"lost cause† . They could non larn how to go members of society because intelligence was fixed. She strongly opposed to the perceptual experiences on cognitive abilities of these kids at the clip. and believed that they could larn how to go members of society through particular learning techniques that utilized centripetal instruction and hands-on experience. Her purpose was to learn kids faculty members through practical life experiences and to â€Å"†¦to develop the whole personality of the kid through motor. sensory. and rational activity† ( Hainstock. 1997. 35 ) . Montessori – The Montessori schoolroom is a meticulously prepared environment designed specifically to run into the demands of the kid both physically and emotionally. One facet of the prepared environment includes the Practical Life activities. Many Practical Life activities are tasks the kid sees routinely performed in the place. They each serve a meaningful intent as the kid Masterss each piece of work such as binding places. pouring H2O. brushing. or run uping and cookery. Through Practical Life activities. a kid will besides develop and polish societal accomplishments. These accomplishments developed through Practical Life construct self-esteem. finding and independency. The pupil learns to take attention of him and the surrounding environment. Maria Montessori explains in. The Discovery of the Child. â€Å"Through practical life exercisings of this kind the kids develop a true ‘social feeling. ’ for they are working in the environment of the community in which they live† ( 5. pg. 97 ) . Additionally. all right motor accomplishments are improved through usage of the Practical Life stuffs. Through repeated undertakings which enable a kid to polish concentration. coordination. independency. and order. a child’s sense of self-worth grows. The Practical Life accomplishments are an indispensable constituent in the Montessori schoolroom. Not merely do they supply a nexus between place and school for the new Montessori pupil. but they provide a foundation for life-long love of While looking rather simple and insistent. Practical Life activities are extremely purposeful. A kid engaged in such activities demonstrates high degrees of concentration. sense of order. and polish of all right motor accomplishments. Besides. they show a sense of independency through caring for oneself and the environment. Furthermore. they show respect for schoolmates and instructors and develop a sense of pride. Not merely are these accomplishments and qualities necessary to come on in the Montessori schoolroom. but they are besides needed as an single develops into maturity. Practical Life activities can be divided into six chief classs. First. are Preliminary Exercises which assist in making modus operandi and order in the environment and are requirements for other activities. How to a axial rotation a mat. transport a chair. or how to open and shut a door are illustrations of Preliminary Exercises. Practical life exercisings besides include Fundamental Skills such as pouring. spooning. or tonging. As with all lessons in the Montessori schoolroom. these activities follow a consecutive order and ideally. each lesson builds upon the last. Another class is Care of Self. Activities such as rinsing custodies. buttoning. or binding shoe laces assist the kid to go physically independent. Care of Environment is another class affecting activities such as brushing. irrigating. cleansing. etc. Control of Movement is an country of Practical Life which encompasses lessons such as walking the Line and the Silence Game. Additionally. societal Grace and Courtesy lessons are introduced to the kid. These may include lessons on how to state please and thank you. disrupting person. or presenting friends and familiarities. Montessori stressed the relationship of these exercisings to the general felicity and good being of the kid. â€Å"A kid who becomes a maestro of his Acts of the Apostless through long and repeated exercisings [ of practical life ] . and who has been encouraged by the pleasant and interesting activities in which he has been engaged. is a kid filled with wellness and joy and remarkable for his composure and discipline† ( The Discovery the Child. 5. pg. 93 ) . Changing types of presentations can be used by the instructor to present Practical Life activities. First is a corporate debut given the kids at one time. This could include proper table manners. how to disrupt person. how to talk with an inside voice. or how to turn the page of a book. Another method is a group presentation given to a little assemblage of kids. The last method of debut is Individual. given merely to one kid at a clip. Montessori believed the prepared environment is straight correlated to the child’s development. The schoolroom is a specifically designed country arranged entirely for the kids. There should be a assortment of motion and activity and all work operates together through the subjects. Montessori besides believed in the importance of aesthetically delighting schoolrooms. Children respond well to beauty. order. and quality in their environment. Through the Practical Life activities in the Montessori schoolroom. a kid non merely learns concentration. coordination. independency and order. but besides how to interact with others and derive an apprehension and grasp of the environment. The kid begins to construct himself from within while larning to handle him and others with regard and self-respect. These apprehensions finally prepare the kid for entry into society and a life-time of self-respect and self-worthiness. Practical Life activities in the Montessori schoolroom finally provide the foundation for success in all countries of life. Movement – Montessori said- â€Å"one of the greatest errors of our twenty-four hours is to believe of motion by itself. as something apart from the higher functions† ( The absorbent head. pg 151 ) – it is non every bit clear as to how scientists and instructors have failed to observe the supreme importance of activity in the edifice up of the adult male to adult male be! It was during the clip of Dr Maria Montessori who felt it was clip to stress more on â€Å"movement† in educational theory – Mental development must be connected with motion. Like man’s nervous system is divided into three parts-BrainSense organs- collect feeling and go through them to the encephalonMuscles – the nervousnesss transmits nervous energy to the musculuss and this energy controls the motions of the musculuss. Motion is the concluding consequence to which the working of all these delicate mechanisms leads up and it is because of motion that personality can show itself ( The absorbent head. pg 148 ) ! The great philosophers must utilize address or composing to convey his thoughts and this involves muscular motion. What would be the value of his ideas if he gave them no look? This he can merely make by doing usage of his musculuss. Psychologists regard the musculuss as a portion of the cardinal nervous system ( works as a whole to set adult male in relation with his milieus ) and this whole setup of Brain. Senses and Muscles is called – the system of relationship- it puts adult male in touch with his universe ( populating or non life and with other people ) and without its aid a adult male could hold no contact with his milieus or his chaps. The vegetive systems merely help their proprietor to turn and be. It is the system of relationship which puts him into contact with the universe! There is nil in the universe which plays no portion in the cosmopolitan economic system. and if we are endowed with religious wealths. with aesthetic feelings and a refined scruples. it is non for ourselves. but so that these gifts shall be used for the benefit of all. and take their topographic point in the cosmopolitan economic system of religious life. Nature has given us many abilities and these must be developed and used. We know that for the enjoyment of good wellness. bosom. lungs and stomache must all work together. We must use the same regulation to the system of relationship. the cardinal nervous system†¦ . . if we have a encephalon. sense variety meats and musculuss. all these must collaborate. The system must exercise itself in all its parts. none of them being neglected for illustration we want to stand out in encephalon p ower but to win in this we must include the other sides excessively. To hone any given activity â€Å"movement† will be needed as the last phase of the rhythm. In other words a higher spiritualty can be reached merely through action and this is the point of position from which motion has to be judged. one of the greatest errors of our twenty-four hours is to believe of motion by itself. as something apart from the higher maps. we think of our musculuss as variety meats to be used merely for wellness intents. We â€Å"take exercise† or make â€Å"gymnastics† to maintain ourselves fit. to do us take a breath or to eat or kip better. It is an mistake which has been taken over by the schools. It is merely as though a great prince were being made the retainer of the shepherd. The prince – the muscular system –is merely being used to assist the vegetive life. Such premises will take to enquiry†¦there comes about a separation between the life of motion and the life of idea. Since the kid has a organic structure and mind both. games must be included in the course of study so as to avoid pretermiting any portion of n ature’s proviso. To maintain believing about the head on one manus and the organic structure on other manus is to interrupt the continuity that should reign between them. This keeps action off from thought. The true intent of motion is to function the terminals of being – that is the development of the head ( The absorbent head. pg 151 ) . All motion has most intricate and delicate machinery. but in adult male none of it is established at birth. It has to be formed and perfected by the child’s activity in the universe. Movement and activity are natural maps of childhood and acquisition comes through them. Activity becomes progressively of import to development. It is the motion that starts the intellect working†¦ Till now all pedagogues have thought of motion and the muscular system as AIDSs to respiration. or to circulation. or as a agency of constructing up physical beef up our new construct the position is taken that motion has great importance in mental development itself. provided that the action which occurs is connected with the mental activity traveling on. Both mental and religious growing are fostered by this. without which neither upper limit advancement nor maximal wellness ( speech production of the head ) can be. A kid is a inventor. He is an formless splendid being in hunt of his ain signifier. For illustration in the development of address. we see a turning power of understanding travel side by side with an drawn-out usage of those musculuss by which he forms sounds and words. Observations made on kids – the universe overconfirms that the kid uses his motions to widen his apprehension. Movement helps in development of head and this finds renewed look in farther motion and activity ( The absorbent head. pg 154 ) . The kid additions experience through exercisings and motion. He coordinates his ain motion and records the emotions he experiences in coming into contact with the external universe. The importance of physical activity or motion in a psychic development should be emphasized. The kid has an internal power to convey about cordinations. which he creates himself. and one time these have begun to be he goes on honing them by pattern. He himself is clearly one of the chief originative factors in their production. The motions the kid acquires are non chosen randomly but are fixed. In the sense that each returns out of a peculiar period of development. When the kid begins to travel. his head being able to absorb. has already taken in his milieus. He Is directed by a cryptic power. great and fantastic that he incarnates small by small. In this manner. he becomes a adult male. He does it with his custodies. by experience. foremost in drama so through work. The custodies are the instruments of man’s intelligence. He constructs his mind measure by measure boulder clay it becomes possessed of memory. the power to understand and the ability to believe. â€Å"The child’s head can get civilization at a much earlier age than is by and large supposed. but his manner of taking in cognition is by certain sorts of activity which involves movement†¦ . † ( Montessori notes ) It is really interesting to analyze the mechanical development of motion. non merely because of its elaborateness but because each of the stages it passes through is clearly seeable. Man’s pes can be studied from three points of position: the psysiological. the biological and the anatomical and all of them are most interesting. The manus is in direct connexion with the man’s psyche. but besides with different ways of life that work forces have adopted on the Earth in different topographic points and at different times. The accomplishments of man’s manus are bound up with the development of his head. and in the visible radiation of history we see it connected with the development of civilisation. The custodies of adult male express his idea and from the clip of his first visual aspect upon the Earth hints of his handicraft besides appear in the records of history. Hence. the development of manual accomplishment keeps gait with mental development. We are told that St. Francis of Assisi – possibly the simplest and purest of human psyches used to state – â€Å"Look at these great hills! They are the walls of our temple and the aspiration of our Black Marias! † ( The absorbent head. pg 163 ) The truth is that when a free spirit exists. it has to happen itself in some signifier of work and for this custodies are needed. ( The absorbent head. pg 163 ) The manus are connected with mental life. allows the head to uncover itself and enables the whole being to come in into particular relationship with its environment. His custodies under the counsel of his intellect transform this environment and therefore enable him to carry through his mission in the universe. The instruction of the motions is really complex. as it must match to all coordinated motions which the kid has to set up in his physiological being. The kid if left without counsel is disorderly in his motions and these disorderly motions are the particular features of the small kid. The kid is seeking the exercisings in these motions which will form and organize the motions that are utile to a adult male. The kid follows direction/instructions and if his motions are made a small definite so the kid grows quiet and contended and becomes an active worker. a being composure and full of joy. This instruction of motions is one of the chief factors in bring forthing that outward v isual aspect of â€Å"discipline† to be found in the â€Å"children’s house† . ( Montessori notes ) Importance of motion: –Movement leads to:Muscle development. both all right and gross – demand freedom for motion to take topographic point Stimulates the headStimulates the sensesDevelops concentrationDevelops independencyDevelops assurance ( through agility/balance and co-ordination ) Develops subject and willDevelops linguistic communicationLeads to standardizationConsequences in a healthy organic structure and headEmotional and rational development through motion: – Emotions are the impacting mental phases. organized by external thoughts of state of affairss and ever move while accompanied by bodily and mental exhilaration. However. when we talk about emotional development in kids. we find that kids show a broad scope of emotional reactions. Sometimes they are excited and ebullient and at other times they are down and sullen and some other clip they are merely angry. throwing fits. We find assorted sunglassess of emotions in them even at an early age. The word emotion originates from the Latin word â€Å" Emovere† which means to be excited. So. an emotion implies that province of head which excites a individual when adult male is influenced by emotion he gets aroused and his natural province of equilibrium is lost. Pattern of emotional development – if we have to understand the emotions of a kid of school age. it is indispensable to take into consideration his emotional development during the early old ages. Sometimes. freshly born babies behave as though they are violently aroused. If such vigorous behaviour means the strength of his feelings. so we must reason that emotional experiences can be as intense during this early period as at any ulterior phase of growing. Again we see that a new born kid is comparatively unresponsive to many stimulations which are likely to elicit him in later phases. Children are capable of rich and varied emotional experiences in the class of their development till they are grownups. Children from birth to 2 old ages go through a assortment of emotions and goes through many emotional experiences that may act upon his attitude towards life. Studies show that at birth there are general exhilarations largely refering his hungriness and amenitiess. after 2-3 months the kid shows definite marks of hurt along with delectation. By 6 months with his exposure of different sorts of stimulations the kid starts demoing other sunglassess of emotions like hurt or uncomfortablenesss develops into fright. disgust and choler. With the satisfaction of his demands he feels delighted and by the clip kid completes one twelvemonth this delectation differentiates itself from fondness. the kid recognizes emotions in others and responds to it clearly. But his emotions are non so strong as respect to joy and felicity when he turns one as they are at the age of 2. Therefore we conclude that by the terminal of 2nd twelvemonth the kid has already developed assorted emotions and feelings. Factors impacting emotional development – There are many factors that affect the emotional development among kids. the major 1s are – Fatigue – tired and exhausted kidIll wellnessOrder of birthIntelligenceEnvironmentParental attitudes The child’s emotions are still pure of contrasts. He loves because he takes in. because nature orders him to make so. And what he takes and absorbs to do it a portion of his ain life. so as to make his ain being ( The secret of childhood. pg 80 ) . The kid follows the adults and the words of a adult are supernatural stimulations. The kid is enchanted and fascinated by his actions and words. What the grown up Tells him remains engraved in his head like words incised by a chisel on a rock. The grownup should number and mensurate all his words before the kid. for the kid is hungry to take from him. he is an collector of love. The developing kid non merely acquires the modules of adult male: strength. intelligence. linguistic communication. but at the same clip. he adapts the being he is building to the conditions of the universe about him. The kid has a different relation to his environment from ours. The things he sees are non merely remembered ; they form portion of his psyche. He incarnates in himself all in the universe about him that his eyes see and his ears hear. In us the same things produce no alteration but a kid is transformed by them. This critical sort of memory which absorbs is called â€Å" Mneme† . In this procedure of soaking up. acquisition. geting. accommodating the kid is building non merely physically but emotionally or psychic as good. The minute the kid understands his environment he learns to work and accommodate to it and so further wants to get the hang in it which leads to alterations consequently. In this complete procedure the undermentioned emotions are built ; Self esteemAssuranceFeeling of capablenessSense of accomplishmentTherefore. kids enjoy procedure non purpose!The distinguishable difference between adult male and carnal – Montessori tends to follow a different point of view from many modern psychologists. Most of the psychologists place great accent upon the â€Å"inherited inclinations to behavior† which adult male has in common with animate beings. They maintain that everything we do is based on the natural impulses of human act. Therefore ; the love of cognition is but the sublimed inherent aptitude of wonder. For Montessori. she believes that adult male differs from carnal creative activity non merely in grade but besides in sort. She states that the most important thing about the kid development is non natural inclinations that are in common with animate beings. but the capacity to ground which distinguishes us from them. Here. she is non seeking to deny or minimize the significances of their findings. but she is stating that these simple psychic forces are merely a portion of the inquiry and a lesser portion. her strong belief is – â€Å"Animals have simply to rouse their inherent aptitudes towards their specified behaviour and their psychic life is limited to this. But in adult male there is other fact –the creative activity of human intelligence ( Montessori. notes ) . Unlike adult male. one can foretell the behaviour of animate beings. whereas for adult male. what he will make in the hereafter. no 1 can state. â€Å"For adult male there is no limit† ( Montessori notes ) . Man is a rational animate being to be most â€Å"like to God† whose image we are made. Man entirely possesses â€Å"that capable and god-like ground which enables us to make what no animate being has of all time achieved –i. e. to lift to a consciousness of our being i. e. ego consciousness. to the cognition that â€Å"I am I† . It is with this gift of ground or mind as foundation that we are able to construct our single characters. How shortly does a kid Begin to ground? Harmonizing to Montessori. it begins every bit early as a babe where the kid starts from nil. Its ground revolves round his internal working like a small bud. developing and presuming concrete signifier from the images it absorbs from the environment. Harmonizing to Montessori at her talk in 1944. it was stated that the first twelvemonth of a child’s life is the period where greatest psychic activity can develop by the human being. This is apparent because we know that the encephalon is one thing that is active during the first twelvemonth. That the ground why the caput of a one twelvemonth old has doubled in size since its Born. At the 3rd twelvemonth. its encephalon is already half that of the adult- at four old ages eight –tenths of its ultimate size. Montessori farther elaborated that it is during the first period that the human being grows chiefly in intelligence: the remainder of its growing during this period. being low-level to this developing psychic life. The three features we can detect about a kid during this period are – The kid creates his ain head –Since intelligence is what distinguishes adult male from all other animate beings. the first feature is the creative activity of intelligence. As said before he foremost constructs himself by absorbing everything from the environment by his unconscious head. With these countless feelings. the kid continues to construct his witting intelligence. Montessori said ; to construct up this witting intelligence. the work of the manus plays an of im port and indispensable portion. The intelligence builds its ain instrument –Second fact is while building his ain intelligence he besides begins to build his ain bodily instruments of look. The child’s power of motion will develop in subordination to this superior purpose i. e. of psychic development. Its activity will non be confined within the narrow bounds of natural behaviour. but will work as an instrument of a free moral agent. His ageless fate is placed within his ain custodies. Fantastic adaptative powers of the kid –The 3rd feature of this period. are the fantastic adaptative power possessed by the kid. Montessori illustrated this point by comparing adult male to animate beings. Example – if a cat is born in France. England or India. it would mew merely the same manner wherever it grows up. However for a kid he will talk Gallic in France. English in England and Hindi or any other idiom in India. This is because of its â€Å"inner construction† . Motion and mental assimilation leads to integrating of personality – The kid constructs himself through motion. The value of motion goes deeper that merely assisting in acquisition of cognition. It involves the development of child’s personality -in 1st twelvemonth babe establishes his physical his physical development through motion. He learns to utilize his limbs and whole organic structure to transport out motions such as creeping. standing and walking and sometimes running. In the following few old ages he refines his gross motor accomplishments through motion. He continues to develop his all right motor accomplishments through activities that involve motions. As the kid interacts with his environment. he absorbs the environment into his psychic life. Through repeated usage of stuffs in the environment he learns to compare. discriminate. differentiate and justice the qualities of the stuffs. As the kid additions experience through exercisings and motions. he co-ordinates his ain motion and records the emotions he experienced in coming into contact with the external universe. He learns self aid accomplishments. taking and sharing. This is the societal and emotional development of the kid. It is besides non sufficient to let kids to larn without giving him the chance to work or research with the stuffs. When kids work with the stuffs. it involves originative motion. When learning kids. it is non sufficient for them to hear the things which we wish him to larn. â€Å"We must give no more to oculus & A ; ear than we give to the hand† ( Montessori notes ) For illustration. in learning kids. the thought of dimension. it is no good to demo them a diagram of objects of assorted sizes. alternatively we need to supply kids with concrete stuffs such as the gnarled cylinder. tap tower. brown stepss. long rods and knobbles cylinders. They must be given the chance to research and experiment with the stuffs. This is so with all Montessori stuffs whether it is the four operations in arithmetic. parts of address or acquisition of lands and H2O. It ever involves motion. The kid as an single nowadayss two facets –the centre and the fringe. The centre is seen as the innermost bastion of the personality from which action returns. At this centre the kid increases his mental powers by seeking out esthesis and motion which takes topographic point at the 2nd portion of his personality i. vitamin E at the fringe. The fringe is that portion of the child’s personality which comes in contact with the external universe. It involves the senses. motions and the outward manifestations of his pick. Through uninterrupted interaction of the centre and the fringe. the head of the kid develops and expands. The directress should be concerned with the fringe as it is that portion of the kid that is accessible to her. The other methods of learning purposes at acquiring to the centre straight. The teacher’s concern is to feed the fringe. The instructor prepares the environment that meets the child’s inner demands and in his geographic expedition of the stuffs. he abstracts thoughts from them. As both centre and fringe interacts. the kid builds his head. The objects in the environment can non be chosen at random. Each stuff possesses an thought or concept to be realized. non to be announced by the instructor. At the kid explore with the stuffs. this concept/idea become presented. In pattern. we frequently find that even if the directress has prepared the environment and presented the stuffs to the kids. at that place do non look to be a chink of the centre and the fringe. The kid does non look to be interested and his act seems to be in a disorderly mode. Harmonizing to Montessori. the reply to this losing nexus is the â€Å"Point of Contact† . To explicate this. Montessori used the illustration of learning the grasp of music. If the instructor tries to play music forenoon boulder clay dark and kids are allowed to travel approximately to travel about anyhow and anyplace in a disorderly mode. there is a deficiency of contact. To decide this job. the musculuss. which move. should travel in response to the musical beat therefore set uping a psychic span between the psyche of the kid and the external world of music. The minute the kid understands that there exists the connexion ( i. vitamin E between the music and his motion ) . so the point of contact is established. So if the music changes its beat. so the kid becomes cognizant of it and changes his motion consequently. and he is on the route to hone himself. This world may be either material or religious ; but motion must ever attach to the kid at any rate. Let’s expression at an illustration to understand how the point of contact aid development. In their presenting of the sensory stuffs. kids were given new sounds. new forms etc. The chief intent of it is non merely convey new sounds. new forms but to convey order into this new feeling. The trouble or the mistake that the kid is to detect and understand must be isolated in a individual piece of stuff. For illustration the long rods will show to the kid merely a fluctuation in length and non in coloring material and design. Such isolation will assist child concentrate on the job more readily. It is through this method. that it leads the kid to be interested in dimension. and develop him to detect them in the universe about. Montessori calls her material â€Å"keys to the Universe† –it is of import to constantly retrieve that it is through this point of contact limited and precisely but existent work. helps the kid to cite the head to inquire at big in phantasy to something existent which opens up a new tract. With younger kids. nevertheless. it was observed that the exercisings in practical life will play an of import portion. but ever the point of contact will be established through motion. An illustration was to acquire up from a chair and carry it from one topographic point to another without any sound. The kids would be presented this construct of self flawlessness and would seek to make the same as it corresponds to his psyche. Again. we see the truth of Montessori’s axiom that â€Å"education begins through movement† .